Social Constructionism Theory An Analysis

Social Constructionism Theory An Analysis This short investigation talks about the hypothesis of social constructionism, with uncommon respect to its suggestions for social specialists and how its utilization can assist them with understanding human conduct. Social constructionism speaks to a sociological hypothesis of information that reviews the advancement of different sociological wonders in social settings. The hypothesis, basically, questions generally held presumptions about intrinsic characteristics of things, ideas, or issues, and rather focuses on the reliance of such characteristics upon the unexpected justification of our social sense. It encourages us in understanding that human view of the real world and the world, of things, ideas and thoughts, are molded by conscious human decisions and etymological fortification, as opposed to by normal laws or perfect goal. A social build, the stay of this hypothesis, speaks to the ancient rarity of a particular gathering. To outline, elusive words like ability or brightness, which in the dominant part of cases speak to little else than more prominent exertion or the accomplishment of capability, are instilled with unique hugeness and afterward labeled on to explicit individuals separate them from the preletariat, bringing about the adjustment of discernments and conduct of the majority towards such people. To be dedicated is to be typical, to be splendid is to be unprecedented. Also, to be called splendid is far and away superior. Language, as is self-evident, assumes a key job in the improvement of social develops. The causes of present day social constructionist hypotheses return to the compositions of Immanuel Kant. Kant contended for the presence of a world that was autonomous of human personalities, subsequently suggesting that people ought not attest that they made the world. This world, he stated, is without structure and isn't isolated into things and realities. Structure is forced on the world by seeing it and considering it in explicit manners, as likewise by the reception of specific, (as opposed to other), allowances of faith based expectations about it. Vivine Burr (2003, p 2) and different supporters of social constructionist hypothesis set forth the view that information on constructionism empowers people to embrace basic perspectives towards their ordinary focal points for seeing and understanding the world and their own selves. It gives people better approaches for evaluating thoughts and things that are in any case viewed as typical and acknowledged without challenge. Various things like cash, papers or citizenship are socially developed and would not clearly have existed without society. Every one of them besides could have all around been diversely developed. This exposition investigations and scrutinizes the utilization of social constructionism by social laborers in the understanding human conduct. Explicit accentuation has been given to the job of constructionism use in examining regularly held discernments and perspectives towards mental scatters. The examination is isolated into three segments that consecutively take up the utilization of social constructionism for social laborers in understanding human conduct, its significance in understanding mental issue, and its zones of equivocalness and conceivable abuse. The Use of Social Constructionism to Understand Human Behavior Social specialists have two essential goals, to be specific, (a) the reinforcing of the capacity of people and gatherings to adapt to the numerous troubles and difficulties they face throughout everyday life and (b) the realizing of enhancements in different social and ecological conditions so as to improve the fulfillment of human needs; particularly of individuals from oppressed and abused social sections. Social laborers plan and endeavor their different intercessions through their comprehension of ecological conditions, the different explanations behind improvement of such conditions, and the customer framework. Such information and the subsequent appropriation of hypothetical methodologies fundamentally impact the point, the apparatus, and the idea of social work intercession. It becomes obvious that comprehension of the truth of the customer condition is vital, both to social work hypothesis and to its training. Speculations of old style induction attest that reality with regards to the world is set up and is autonomous of the person. Social constructionism on the other hand advances the perspective that such truth, a long way from being free of people, really relies on their contemplations, observations and convictions. While empiricists express that reality can't be known independently from our explanation of it, social constructionism messages that the truth is built socially, with language being basic for the translation and development of normally acknowledged reality. It urges individuals to scrutinize the generally held discernment that customary and acknowledged information has sprung from objective and unprejudiced assessment of the world. It is in this sense contradicted to the positivist epistemology of conventional science and spikes thinking people to continually scrutinize their suspicions about the presence of their condition and its different segments. Objectivists declare that people make disclosures and get some answers concerning the truth of the world through the development and testing of speculations by means of the activities of impartial eyewitnesses, even as constructionists expose such suppositions, contending that the interests and estimations of onlookers can never be isolated from their perceptions and are will undoubtedly impact the last development of regular discernments about world real factors. Gergen (1985, p 270), states that age of thoughts of the truth is started by social, as opposed to individual, forms and that the touted target truth of the positivist methodology is really the aftereffect of different social development forms that are affected by chronicled, political, social and monetary conditions. Berger and Luckmann, (1966), express that people experience the world to be a goal reality, containing people and occasions that exist independently of individual recognitions. Payne (1997), moreover expresses that reality, as indicated by social constructionism, can be expressed to be the direction of conduct by singular view of information and reality. People show up at shared view of reality through the sharing of their insight by means of various social procedures that initially arrange such information and from that point build up it by making it objective. Social and individual movement in this manner gets ongoing with people sharing their suspicions about their view of the real world. Individuals carry on in accordance with social shows that depend on such shared information. These shows are moreover regulated due to the understanding of numerous individuals on such understandings on various parts of society. Such acknowledge and accords from that point become legitimized by f orms that incorporate these thoughts regarding reality into requested and authentic frameworks. Language gives the methods through which people comprehend their condition, characterize people and occasions, and decipher new encounters. The mutual truth of regular day to day existence by various people recognizes it from singular real factors, (similar to dreams). Language helps people in sharing their encounters and making it accessible to other people. Such sharing of reality prompts regulation and from that point to routine methods of working. Habitualism thus makes the conduct of various people unsurprising, encourages joint movement and sustains social control systems. Information is as such regulated inside sub-gatherings, or at social levels, and fundamentally impacts the conduct of individuals. Shakespeare broadly utilized his felicity with language to develop an illusionary reality about Jewish covetousness that persevered for a considerable length of time and formed the discernments and practices of a large number of individuals towards the network. With such information on the truth being basically built, it can change after some time and separate across social gatherings that grasp various recognitions and convictions about human instinct and improvement. Taking into account that the standards, convictions, values, customs, mentalities and practices of various social gatherings fluctuate from one another, the social development of their insight is likewise liable to vary essentially. A comprehension of this key rule can help social specialists in their acknowledgment of the various observations, perspectives and practices of various people towards comparable social wonders or upgrades. Social constructionism helps social laborers in embracing basic positions towards built up suspicions that fortify the interests of amazing and prevailing social gatherings and helps them in understanding that the world has come about due to chronicled procedures of correspondence and arrangement among gatherings and people. Gergen (1985, p 266), states that individuals see the world through the eyes of their specific networks and societies and react as needs be. Built up presumptions, understandings and practices of individuals are continued by social, political, monetary and moral foundations. Social laborers should, through its application, be better ready to comprehend the different components of reality inside such individual musings, recognitions and convictions. Social specialists, the essayist feels, need to understand that social comprehension is at long last the consolidated consequence of different human understandings through the activity of round procedures, wherein people add to the development of social significance inside social structures of social orders through procedures of standardization and legitimisation. Social orders subsequently make shows through the cooperation of people in their structures, which, thus impacts the practices of individuals. Spirals of continually moving impacts manufacture and reconstruct the shows that individuals embrace and by which they live. Social cons

Shifting Identity of an International Student

Moving Identity of an International Student In the course of the most recent two decades the movement for concentrate by long haul vagrants developed from 40,000 in 1990s to 192,000 of every 2015 (Population Briefing International understudy relocation What do the insights let us know? January 2016). This paper means to inspect the purposes for the understudies choice to move for advanced education, the difficulties and issues they may experience, just as how living far away from home, in an alternate nation, confronting a totally different culture and new mindsets at last shapes their own character. Migration gives the foreigner another beginning throughout everyday life and more development open doors than were beforehand accessible. The explanations for this choice are mind boggling, and vary from understudy to understudy, yet what every one of them share for all intents and purpose is the possibility of a more promising time to come, of more chances and the opportunity to a superior life than they would have in their nation of cause. As it rises up out of my meeting, the members choice to move to England was taken dependent on the way that the degree of instruction in colleges in England is higher than the one in her nation of root, Egypt, offering a more extensive assorted variety of courses and more vocation alternatives and openings. Additionally, different components that meant this choice were the political issues in Egypt, the upset, and the way that her nation was not entirely stable at that point. In any case, aside from its advantages, there are numerous mind boggling difficulties related with migration, a large portion of them in regards to the absorption into life in the host nation. Vagrants, nearly by definition, move considering the future, yet their excursions definitely include taking their past with them. Migration isn't just about evolving nations, yet in addition about moving characters, known as the marvel of half breed personality arrangement. They build up their own way of life as they face clashing ethnic, individual and national personality choices. They manage both host and inception social develops, repudiating desires, conventions and standards during the procedure of individual personality arrangement. This marvel can be seen in the respondents answers too. She relates to certain standards of the British culture, however she feels that she doesn't have a place here. She discovers British individuals excessively free and uncensored in their musings and activ ities and now and then even hostile. There is additionally an extraordinary disparity between the manner by which ladies are dealt with. While in England young ladies are permitted to dress as they need, smoke, go to gatherings, or walk alone around evening time having a sense of security, and without being judge, in Egypt individuals have clear, severe principles with regards to young ladies apparel and conduct, and if these are not regarded individuals would gaze and judge. In addition, she confronted a huge difference in regards to people groups strict convictions and practices, just as the degree of strictness. This influenced her life on numerous levels. Things thought about terrible, or even sin in her way of life, are viewed as typical in England and that's just the beginning, individuals would think of her as peculiar and treat her diversely in the event that she would not partake in those exercises or act as they do. This is the reason she feels a steady weight from the neg ating desires individuals from the two nations she currently has a place with have from her. Therefore, vagrant understudies can as a rule experience estrangement of the way of life of beginning and the loss of significance concerning customary qualities and standards, or they may feel a rejection from the host greater part society. The move in transient understudies characters and development of a double personality can be seen too unmistakably in the advancement of their home companionships interestingly with the new connections worked in the host nation. While they adjust to the new condition, their demeanor and perspectives definitely change thus, their home companions will begin confronting troubles in understanding their new thoughts and acts. In the interim, their new companions from the host nation will always be unable to completely fathom their particular character, as they don't comprehend the global understudies past, remembering the mindset and culture for which they were brought up. This is additionally upheld by the tenacious finding in the examination on global training that for some worldwide understudies, a significant disillusionment is their inability to set up important neighborhood kinships. Thusly, the transients begin creating sentiments of estrangement and disconnection on the grounds th at neither one of the friends can identify with them totally. As my interviewee conceded, she can't be totally fair with both of her companions in light of the fact that there are things just the ones from here would comprehend, and different things just the ones from Egypt would. Nonetheless, the pivotal trademark, characterizing individuals with half breed personalities is the reality, that house is neither spoken to by their nation of root, nor by their host nation. The transient rather feels partnered to the two spots, with the two societies, wonder called by sociologists bilocalism. The worldwide understudies create familial affiliations, connections, social and material roots in two nations; they recognize themselves with two spot simultaneously. The German-Turkish writer Zehra Çã„â ±rak portrays this reality by utilizing the analogy of an extension: the two parts of the bargains two unique societies. Individuals introducing mixture personalities stroll on this scaffold unreservedly, starting with one culture then onto the next. At certain purposes of life one culture may be prevailing, later on the other one. All things considered, fundamental for cross breed characters is the changeless nearness of the two societies, regardless of to which degr ee. This thought is additionally upheld by Glick Schiller and her associates, who contend that these days transients lives cut across national limits and bring two social orders into a solitary social field. As my respondent conceded, she regularly faces conflicting sentiments with respect to her relocation in England. On the one side, she misses home and everything that is identified with it, feeling that she doesn't generally have a place in UK, however on the opposite side, there are things in her host nation that she got connected to, that make her cheerful and without which she would not envision her life now. Numerous global understudies may confront troubles in pleasing to the new condition and all the more significantly in attempting to be scholastically effective in this new condition. In any case, contemplates have demonstrated that they are obviously better inspired, engaged and progressively mindful of the advantages of advanced education since they know the penances they needed to make so as to get where they are and the battles they looked in adjusting in the host nation, so they acknowledge more what they have and attempt to provide their best so as to put forth these attempts justified, despite all the trouble. These discoveries are steady with my meeting research. The respondent pronounced that she regularly feels unaccomplished and forced to try sincerely and be tireless until she accomplishes what she needs since she needed to abandon everything so as to come here, and doesn't need these penances to be futile. Yet, once in a while she isn't as roused to study and work as she generally may be, or as she might suspect she ought to be on the grounds that she feels separated, alone, away from home and family, further building up a feeling of remorse during these minutes. Besides, transients can for the most part experience estrangement of the way of life of root and the loss of significance concerning customary qualities and standards, or they may feel a prohibition from the host larger part society. From my interviewees experience, she thinks about that when all is said in done British individuals are colder and increasingly keen on staying together, than becoming more acquainted with the worldwide understudies. In addition, she doesn't generally like the life here as she thinks about that moving to UK doesn't enable her to achieve what she truly needs. She feels constrained by her personality to get familiar with her way of life and not having the option to do as such here troubles her. She was unable to state in the event that she would alter her perspective to come to England on the off chance that she could return in time. What fulfills her here is the thing that she considers and the fellowships she has constructed up until now and she knows ab out the way that she would not have the option to proceed with her examinations elsewhere, or abandon her companions.

Henrik Isbens A Dolls House :: A Dolls House Essays

Nora got heavenly guide as mindfulness of her own worth/worth. Some could state her numbness, uninformed with regards to what her activities would bring about in the event that they where known freely. Guiltlessly she thought there was nothing amiss with sparing her spouses life, yet his pride, his self image would be harmed and society would pariah them. Another type of help was Linde who filled in as a mirror like character who indicated Nora what she had done as it were, and how an autonomous lady could The long and winding street was very cruel on Nora, even a dear companion, for example, Dr. Rank end up being an obstruction she needed to leap when he purported his affection to her. All the time Krogstads extorting her, fund-raising, working at evenings and so forth where steady torments. The consistent mystery and stress gathering and working up never giving her space to get her relax. To finish everything off, Helmer consistently confined her, shaped and shaped her like a toy. Some other character would have broken under this colossal weight however Nora simply continued going, with the expectation of a â€Å"wonderful thing† propping her up.      Stumbling upon the acknowledgment that the â€Å"wonderful thing† was nevertheless a minor dream that didn't exist denoted her last experience with a definitive mythical serpent, Torvald. She had just needed to endure his limitations and absence of opportunity that he forced on her oppressively. Likewise, there is the extorting by Krogstad whose crave another opportunity to reclaim him self is incredible. In any case, he doesn't anticipate giving up the bond, which gives him the influence over Nora. Her experiences have been abundant with these two mythical beasts that dismay her.      Ultimately Nora vanquished the preeminent winged serpent Torvald. After the Tarantella, which didn't slow down for sufficient opportunity, Helmer finds reality via mail. In view of his envy/sexual urge that caused him to choose to boil down to early he found this in such a design, that demonstrated his actual character. Nora then continues to disclose to him that she can't remain with him any longer, basically killing him. Torvald is vulnerable and stunned, and absolutely crushed however his numbness, of how to treat Nora.

The Freedom of a Woman - Literature Essay Samples

Eliza Wharton is a character who stands on public trial against society in the epistolary novel, â€Å"The Coquette.† She is not a criminal in the eyes of the law, per say, but she is a criminal in the eyes of society. Society’s expectations for women do not match up with Eliza’s expectations for herself and it puts her in a problematic situation. The story of Eliza Wharton is captivating because it presents a woman who is different from all others – one who turns from the social constraints and makes her own way. In Hannah Webster Foster’s novel, â€Å"The Coquette,† society presents Eliza Wharton as a purposefully seductive woman – a coquette – one who is obstinate in her ways when she is actually a woman of independence who longs to break from the chains of social order. A story could not be a story without a tragic flaw. In this story, the tragic flaw belongs to Eliza, and it is her excessive desire for singleness and freedom, which paradoxically leads to coquettish behavior and sexual submission (Diez Couch 685). In this excessive desire for singleness, Eliza does not mind entertaining the advances of two men, and she does not see a problem with it, since she openly expresses her distaste for romantic relationships. It is as if she cannot see that if she turns her back on love, but still prances around the idea of similar relationships, bad things can follow. In the end, her blindness leads to sexual behavior, which leads to pregnancy, and eventually her death – her final downfall, all because she thinks she is stepping away from her real enemy, love. Even so, the fascinating character of Eliza is remembered and studied today. In fact, the town of Peabody, Massachusetts, held a city-wide reading of â€Å"The Coquette† in 2004 (Harris 375) as an appreciation for the work. The questions are asked: for a woman in the late 18th century, why are marriage and virtue valued so much more than independence and lively desires? Why does Eliza Wharton’s singleness stick out like a sore thumb, but it is society’s pleasure to watch a young woman like Lucy get married off quickly to a man she hardly knows? Why is stability favored over love, and why is love favored over friendship? Whether these concepts are fashionable to the day or hypocritical to the core, they are used to define Eliza as an outcast. The moralistic problems of the day are made out as if they have simplistic black and white solutions when they are really made of shades of gray. In Eliza’s initial relationship, she proves her desire for independence. In the first letter of the novel, Eliza mourns the loss of her fiancà ©, Mr. Haly. She is quick to confess that â€Å"I believe that I never felt the passion of love for Mr. Haly† (Foster 819), but instead shares that â€Å"a habit of conversing with him, of hearing daily the most virtuous, tender, and affectionate sentiments from his lips, inspired emotions of the sincerest friendship and esteem (Foster 819). From the start, Eliza’s interest in lighthearted relationships is noted, which is the main reason she resents marriage for herself, saying that it is the â€Å"tomb of friendship† (Foster 830). It is important to note that Eliza does not choose to be in the relationship with Mr. Haly. It seems that Eliza’s parents pre-arranged her marriage. A pre-arranged marriage with Mr. Haly means Eliza does not have a choice in the matter, and without choice, Eliza is confined to ev eryone else’s expectations (Davis 399). Eliza respects the decision but is unhappy because she and Mr. Haly are not similar or compatible (Foster 818). After the ill-ending relationship, Eliza tells Lucy that â€Å"I shall never again resume those airs, which you term coquettish, but which I think deserve a softer appellation; as they proceed from an innocent heart† (Foster 820). This phrasing indicates a possibility that Eliza has had dealings with her tragic flaw and the results of her tragic flaw in the past. This is not explicitly revealed in the novel, but it points a finger to Eliza’s perceptions of her own past behavior, thinking it to have come from clean motives. At the same time, Eliza’s phrasing points to her future behavior, declaring that it will not be like it was before. Eliza’s quest for long-enduring singleness continues after Mr. Haly’s death. First, she meets Mr. Boyer at a party. They become acquaintances, and although she thinks him to be lovely, she â€Å"wishes not for a declaration from anyone, especially from one whom I†¦do not intend to encourage at the present† (Foster 823). She holds herself back from any sort of romantic relationship, seeing it to be best for the time, as she wants to enjoy her prized and long-awaited freedom (Foster 823). Eliza does not believe she is presenting herself as a coquette at this point in time, nor does she believe she is encouraging any form of romantic relationship from her end. She simply wishes for freedom from the commitments of love. Eliza’s ideas start to change somewhat when she meets Major Sanford. She goes to a ball with him, but before she leaves, is met by Boyer. Boyer is surprised to see Eliza with another man, but she does not see it as a problem: â€Å"It was not the consciousness of any impropriety of conduct, for I was far from feeling any. The entertainment for which I prepared was such as virtue would not disapprove† (Foster 827). It is clear that Eliza does not see having suitors as any wrongdoing on her part because she cannot control how men feel about her. She also does not see the situation as a problem because she does not desire a romantic relationship, only seeing her relationships with Boyer and Sanford as lighthearted friendships. This continues to be seen throughout Eliza’s letters. Eliza will not take blame for having two suitors, even saying that she is not beautiful enough to be pursued (Foster 822). When Sanford asks for her affection, Eliza turns him down as well, seeking friendship instead (Foster 822). Again, her break from romantic constraints is affirmed – she wants to be single and enjoy the independence that comes from it. Whether or not Eliza is already fighting a battle between herself and other’s opinions, she assures her friend Lucy that â€Å"my sanguine imagination paints†¦regulated by virtue and innocence† (Foster 832). Eliza sees herself as having clean motives and being a virtuous woman. When the prospect of love is brought up, Eliza continually shuts it down. She does not want it in any way, shape, or form, even telling Sanford that she has no intention of giving her hand to any man in the near future (Foster 844). Eliza is always asking for advice, despite her belief that she is independent and virtuous. Even though she says she will consider the advice given by Lucy, she still gives Sanford priority, overriding advice with the belief that â€Å"a reformed rake makes the best husband† (Foster 849). Eliza has previously stated that she is not looking for a husband, so she contradicts herself here. In another form of contradiction with herself, she suddenly renounces her relationship with Sanford, reasoning that her friends should now be satisfied because she will unite with their choice man for her (Foster 850). This demonstrates perhaps a chance that Eliza either does want to fit into the social boundaries accustomed to women of her time or is so tired of being pushed by her family and friends that she submits to their wishes. In the same letter, though, Eliza accepts a meeting from Mr. Emmons. This, though, continues to prove that she sees herself simply as a young woman enjoying her youthfulness and does not feign commitment on any level. Although she declares commitment to Boyer, she does not stick with it, which proves her continuous, independent spirit. Even so, her desire for freedom is already presenting a large problem by this point in the novel. According to Dill (258), Eliza’s insistence to maintain a social life instead of a domestic life puts her appearance of virtue at a dangerous risk – the sacrifice of public respe ct. The crux of the story shows Eliza’s downfall, which is caused by her tragic flaw. Eliza loses Boyer so she gets closer and closer to Sanford – still in her eyes acting out of friendship, still not seeing a problem with going further and further down a dark path, all because she is not looking for a romantic relationship. This does not appear as friendship to the outside world, however, as Sanford eventually gets â€Å"the full possession of my adorable Eliza† (Foster 897). Eliza is quick to separate herself from the role of Sanford’s wife, yet her sexual act aligns with the role of a wife. The secret of sin is not kept for long – Julia confronts Eliza, who cries that Sanford has robbed her of her peace and then begs for pity and mercy (Foster 899). What brought Eliza to commit this wrongdoing? Julia thinks Eliza’s sin was because she was weak in her mind and body, which came from the pain of losing Boyer (Foster 893). For Eliza, it is the same. Like Julia believes, Eliza is in deep pain from losing Boyer, the man that society â€Å"chose† for her. She is so numb emotionally that it is difficult for her to consider what she is doing, a sexual fall â€Å"unaccompanied by either pleasure or passion† (Dill 263). The sexual act, though, is not about sex. In her numbness, Sanford transforms sex into a luxury Eliza thinks she is looking for (Korobkin 91). On the other hand, Eliza does not express any problem with her behavior with Sanford until she is caught. It is implied that Sanford and Eliza have sex multiple nights, as Julia sees Eliza leave the room they share many nights (Foster 899). This is also understood because when Julia confronts Eliza, she confesses that she is already pregnant. Eliza is so overcome with guilt because she is caught by the people who love her, not because she is doing the act itself. American ideas of sexual acts were changing during the late 18th century. According to Korobkin (97), although the loss of virginity was not socially acceptable at the time, fornication was no longer considered a criminal act. Since sexual behavior no longer went to court, Eliza would have had no fear of public punishment. Instead, her worst punishment comes from the people she loves the most. Eliza does not quit doing the act, nor does she exhibit such intense emotion until right before Julia takes a stand. She even goes so far to say that â€Å"I must die, it is my only comfort; death is the privilege of human nature† (Foster 904). What Eliza does not realize when she says this is that her baby will die, and she will die as well – the consequence of her act with Sanford. Eliza realizes what she has done even though she is numb – she can do nothing but notice the consequence that grows inside of her. She admits that she has fallen and become a victim of her own folly (Foster 906). Even in Eliza’s pain and agony, she never once yields to the term â€Å"coquette.† Never even one time does she admit fault under that particular definition. The fact that she does not give herself the name society gives her is stunning. When society shoves the letter â€Å"C† on her breast, all she can do is call it something else. She does call herself a wretch when speaking to her mother (Foster 903), but nothing more. Even so, she only blames herself and apologizes wholeheartedly for not taking the advice that her friends and family so readily gave her. Does Eliza finally see her tragic flaw in this painful awakening? Does she finally realize that in her excessive desire to be single, she steps over so many boundary lines, all because she beli eves â€Å"it† would never happen to her? It seems that she becomes mightily aware of the consequences of her actions, but cannot seem to link it to her tragic flaw. She cannot connect her desire for freedom with what she did because now she is anything but free. The babe that grows inside of her will keep her in chains for eighteen years, if not the rest of her life. Ironically, the chains fall much quicker than that. It seems that Eliza does not see her tragic flaw as a tragic flaw, even after there are tangible effects that come from it. When the pressure on her becomes too large, Eliza runs away, possibly from the accusations of sin, possibly from the guilt of pregnancy, possibly from the sting of being proved wrong, but one thing is for certain – she runs away from everything she has ever known. Once Eliza runs away and lives on her own, she theoretically has nothing else to do but to come to grips with her behavior. The novel does not reveal Eliza’s thoughts, feelings, or desires during this time, but one can assume that she does not want anyone to help her – only she can face her own consequences, a rather brave and romantic notion. She does not even allow Sanford to keep in contact with her, though he is the father of her child. No one has any idea that she has died until a neighbor notices an anonymous death from childbirth in a local newspaper (Foster 910-911). If it had not been for her ongoing health decline, she may have lived. The privilege of death finally comes to her. The babe that would â€Å"disclose its mothers shame† (Foster 901) also meets the privilege of death before ever seeing the light of day. Whether or not Eliza truly comes to grips with herself and her shame, death conceals it all. If there is one thing death cannot conceal, it is the omnipresent voice of society. Society has a voice throughout the course of the novel from the time Eliza initially loses Mr. Haly to the time she loses her own life. This voice of society comes most often from Eliza’s three friends: Lucy, Julia, and Mrs. Richman. During the late 18th century, it was considered important for women to have a positive social group to depend on, but the problem with Eliza’s social group was that it has tension each time a woman moves to a new stage in life (e.g. Lucy’s getting married, Mrs. Richman’s having a child). Eliza’s friends continually criticize her thoughts and actions, and use the idea of friendship to justify their harsh words (Pettengill 186-187, 193). The social circle that functions as society’s voice is not always kind to Eliza. The circle is kindest to Eliza on her tombstone inscription, remarking on how charitable, how tender, how distinguish ed she was, a way of hiding their former criticism behind a wall of sorrow. During her life, society binds Eliza by a title, but after her death, society can only back off and remember her name (Diez Couch 684, 690). Each friend has her own interpretation of who a woman of the time should be and they share it openly with Eliza in letters, in person, and in spirit. First, the most powerful voice of society comes from Eliza’s dearest friend, Lucy Sumner, formally Lucy Freeman. Lucy is a solid friend who is more likely to speak from her head than her heart. Lucy’s first letter in the novel is the thirteenth, giving previous insight to Eliza’s referenced behavior. Lucy understands that no matter what she says, Eliza will want her own way, â€Å"You will ask, perhaps, whether I would influence your judgement? I answer, no; provided you will exercise it yourself† (Foster 831). Even though Eliza will not heed Lucy’s advice, she still gives it because she cares deeply for how her friend appears to the watching world, not just what she does. She tells Eliza to â€Å"put aside those coquettish airs which you sometimes put on† (Foster 831) when Eliza displays interest in Sanford. Lucy has no fear in telling Eliza that she is acting like a coquette, even though Eliza just sees the behavior as an enjoyable part of being single. When Eliza shows interest in Boyer, Lucy congratulates her on her stability, saying, â€Å"happiness will crown your future days† (Foster 833). It is evident by the continual references throughout Lucy’s letters to Sanford as a rake and Boyer as a gentleman that Lucy has her suitor preference for Eliza. When Eliza loses Boyer and Sanford, Lucy blames it on Eliza’s being a â€Å"first-rate coquette† (Foster 878). When Lucy finds out Eliza has died, she is horrified, unable to believe that Eliza’s coquettish behavior could have led to such a tragic event. She goes on to tell Julia that virtue is the most important thing to look for in a life-long romantic relationship (Foster 914), believing that if Eliza had changed, she would not have died. Lucy is quick to blame all of Eliza’s problems on coquettish behavior, but she does not explicitly define what a coquette is in her own eyes, leaving Eliza somewhat in the dark about Lucy’s expectations. According to Braunschneider, a coquette is not â€Å"an example of dissipated sexual culture† like Lucy may think. She instead says that a coquette is a novel character who is associated with the wealth and fashion of the middle class (690). This definition is much different than Lucy’s, but it does not matter to her – she sticks with the former. What Lucy fails to understand is that Eliza is not looking for a romantic relationship, which is why she does not see walking closely to societal boundaries as a bad thing. Lucy pushes Eliza to focus on virtue instead of coquettish behavior. Although Lucy quickly marries a man society deems respectable, it is considered virtuous because the man she marries is considered virtuous. In a society that believed marriage taught couples the importance of love, affection, and virtue (Dill 277), it is understood why Lucy is so hard on Eliza, especially after she gets married. Lucy is just beginning her marriage stage, but sometimes acts as if she is better than Eliza because of it, since marriage is considered virtuous and grounded. Lucy loves Eliza, though it may be hard for Eliza to feel it through the stern societal voice. Next is Julia Granby and although she does not enter the story until late, she represents another voice of society. By the end of the novel, Julia is the only virgin, so hers is the voice of youth and of callowness. Julia is protective of Eliza, â€Å"I tremble at her danger† (Foster 893). Julia is physically with Eliza, so unlike Lucy, she is able to pick up on Eliza’s gradual advances towards sin. She is the first to learn of Eliza’s final fall in righteousness saying, â€Å"my blood thrilled in horror at this sacrifice of virtue† (Foster 899). She calls Eliza â€Å"a wretched, deluded girl† (Foster 899) while attacking Eliza’s reputation and the effect it will have on her mother, Mrs. Wharton. She jumps to conclusions in the situation because Eliza never actually confesses to having sex with Sanford. Although there is evidence the act may have taken place (multiple times at that), Julia does not give Eliza a chance to fully explicate her t houghts (Harris 372). Julia is also the first to find out that Eliza is pregnant, but thankfully, she does not attack the baby. According to Harris, early American women were given the responsibility of passing virtue to the next generations by avoiding corrupt characters and sheltering their own innocence (364). Eliza, according to Julia, has sacrificed her virtue, but this is not the fault of the babe – the babe is just a consequence of the fall. Instead, she tells Lucy how she feels about Eliza, â€Å"Not only the life, but what was still dearer, the reputation and virtue of the unfortunate Eliza, have fallen victims at the shrine of libertinism! Detested be the epithet! Let it henceforth bear its true signature, and candor itself call it lust and brutality† (Foster 912). Julia is not blunt to the degree of Lucy, perhaps due to her age and lack of life experience. Perhaps Lucy has never seen anyone act the way Eliza is acting or simply does not want to be as harsh as Lucy. Nevertheless, Julia never calls Eliza a coquette. Although Julia does not share the strictness of Lucy, it is clear that Julia has a negative perception of Eliza’s attitudes and behavior and voices it accordingly. Harris goes on to say that there will always be a Julia Granby, a person who will criticize quickly, judge, and try to correct the wrongdoing (377). Lastly, Mrs. Richman’s voice may be the most important societal voice. She is a fine and domesticated woman who often houses Eliza during their friendship under the common societal idea that respectable women were to be secluded, separated, and set apart from the rest of society as a safe-haven from influence of wrong (Harris 364). As discovered from the name, she is married and a mother, many times using this experience as leverage in her attempts to get Eliza to settle down, â€Å"All my happiness is centered within the limits of my own walls; I grudge every moment that calls me from the pleasing scenes of domestic life† (Foster 872). When Eliza calls marriage â€Å"the tomb of friendship,† Mrs. Richman jumps right in to say marriage is â€Å"the little community† of home and family (Dill 273). She longs to correct Eliza’s ideas â€Å"of freedom and matrimony† (Foster 833), with the strong conviction of making Eliza fit society’s mol d for a female. Mrs. Richman believes women play a crucial role in the community, being the people who connect the members and maintain civic virtue (Dill 271). Mrs. Richman is the first to speak into Eliza’s love life during the novel, in which she declares Sanford to be absent in virtue, warning Eliza of his libertine and seductive behavior (Foster 827). Mrs. Richman is almost controlling of Eliza when she insists that Eliza give her heart and hand to Mr. Boyer as an engagement (Foster 833). Just like Lucy, she has Eliza’s choice man picked out for her, a man of virtue, of respectability, of tender affections, and of domesticity. The strongest word Mrs. Richman uses about Eliza’s fall is â€Å"misconduct† (Foster 872). Mrs. Richman is better at taking a step back and allowing Eliza to make her own choices. She wants Eliza to be married and enjoy domesticity like she does, but does not rest in the idea that Eliza’s only value will be placed when h er name has a Mrs. attached to it. Mrs. Richman is the kindest societal voice. Eliza Wharton fights the societal voices of her friends because she just wants to be free. For her, freedom means a lack of engagement, which would allow her to court men or just be friends, as well as participate in a variety of social spheres and activities. Freedom to Eliza means having a choice for her life, a choice to not be confined to everyone else’s expectations (Davis 399). Eliza’s desire for a choice shocks her women friends because choice during that day was considered a masculine trait and/or role (e.g. men being the heads of the households, men choosing whom they wish to marry) (Diez Couch 688-689). Society gives Eliza mixed messages about confinement – the opposite of choice. Society tells women to look for a man who can provide for their needs, but when Eliza is drawn in by Sanford’s wealth, â€Å"provision,† (even though it was a false picture), society criticizes her for not considering virtue instead (Korobkin 80). Society encoura ges virtuous women to be shelter themselves from negative influences, (Harris 364) but being a social butterfly, attending a variety of social events, and having a good disposition is what makes a woman â€Å"popular† (Hamilton 141). At the same time, being a social butterfly, attending a variety of social events, and having a good disposition are some of the things that society uses to define Eliza as a coquette, making it understandably difficult for a late 18th century woman to know where to draw the line. Because it was early America, social codes of conduct were still being written to fit the new country’s ideals (Hamilton 136) leaving Eliza at a loss to know what was truly right and wrong. Society defines Eliza as a coquette because it is so incredibly unsure of itself. Eliza is not the one in the wrong until she commits sin, but society wants to define everything she does by a moral code that it does not own. Eliza is perceived as a coquette because â€Å"she attempts to balance all of her opportunities, sanctioned and unsanctioned, until one should present itself as that which will best satisfy her in the pursuit of happiness† (Hamilton 148). She only wants options – a choice – a life completely different from all the women around her. She does get a life completely different, a life condemned to misery all because she is pregnant. Death saves her by bringing her the privileged end – a sympathy for the woman who was continually criticized for coloring outside the lines (Harris 374). When she relies on the power of her own conscience, society tries to shut her up. When she cries for independence, society tries to shut her up. When death brings her the freedom she has so earnestly craved, society can do nothing but weep for the loved one it loses. Eliza Wharton is not a coquette. She is a fighter – a fighter against societal boundaries because she is a woman who wants what society will not give. In a nation of freedom, Eliza’s is cut short. In a nation of freedom, Eliza makes her stand, proving to the world that she does not accept the title they try to give her. In the aftermath of her glory, there stands a grave, the tragic and somber end to a life lived on the wrong side in history. Works Cited Braunschneider, Theresa. Our Coquettes: Capacious Desire in The Eighteenth Century. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2009. eBook Collection (EBSCOhost). Accessed 2 Nov. 2016. Davis, Lauren E. â€Å"Entangling Alliances.† Early American Literature, vol. 50, no. 2, 2015, pp. 385-414. Academic Search Complete. Accessed 2 Nov. 2016. Diez Couch, Daniel. â€Å"Eliza Wharton’s Scraps of Writing.† Early American Literature, vol. 49, no. 3, 2014, pp. 683-705. Academic Search Complete. Accessed 3 Nov. 2016. Dill, Elizabeth. â€Å"A Mob of Lusty Villagers: Operations of Domestic Desires in Hannah Webster Foster’s The Coquette.† Eighteenth Century Fiction, vol. 39, no. 4, 2003, pp. 255-279. Academic Search Complete. Accessed 2 Nov. 2016. Foster, Hannah. The Coquette. The Norton Anthology of American Literature, edited by Nina Baym, Norton, 2012, pp. 818-916. Hamilton, Kristie. â€Å"An Assault on the Will: Republican Virtue and the City in Hanna Webster Foster’s the Coquette.† Early American Literature, vol. 24, no. 2, 1989, pp. 135-151. Academic Search Complete. Accessed 3 Nov. 2016. Harris, Jennifer. â€Å"Writing Vice: Hannah Webster Foster and The Coquette.† Canadian Review of American Studies, vol. 39, no. 4, 2009, pp. 363-181. Academic Search Complete. Accessed 2 Nov. 2016. Korobkin, Laura H. â€Å"Can Your Volatile Daughter Ever Acquire Your Wisdom?† Luxury and False Ideas in â€Å"The Coquette.† Early American Literature, vol. 41, no. 1, 2006, pp. 79-107. Academic Search Complete. Accessed 2 Nov. 2016. Pettengill, Claire C. â€Å"Sisterhood in a Separate: Female Friendship in Hannah Webster Foster’s The Coquette and the Boarding School.† Early American Literature, vol. 27, no. 3, 1992, pp. 185-203. Academic Search Complete. Accessed 3 Nov. 2016.

Organisational Structure and Different Types of Structures - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1539 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Organisational structure and different types of structures Organsational structure is the internal, formal framework of a business that shows the way in which management is linked together and how the authority is transmitted. (Stimpson P. 2011) It is basically a framework used to describe the hierarchy inan organisation. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Organisational Structure and Different Types of Structures" essay for you Create order Every business needs to have their own organizational structure as it helps in identifying the job at each level of an individual followed by its functions and it also assists in obtaining their own goals for development. There is a need for every type of organisation to have their own structure specially when it comes to large enterprises as it becomes difficult activities of the various departments and functions. Following are the various type of organisation structure a business can have: Functional Structure: Figure 1: Functional Source: businessmates.org,2014 This type of structure mainly focuses on the functions set up for each department of the organisation. It works well for small enterprises as each department is mostly dependent on the knowledge, skill and talent of the other employees to support themselves. It leads to specialization and efficiency in the performance, however on the other hand it can also lead to conflicts as it restricts the employee of different departments to communicate and coordinate with each other because of the boundaries of working in their own department separately. Product Structure: Figure 2: Product Source: tutorialspoint.com,2014 Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s focus is on the organisations product lines and this type of structure can mostly be found in retail stores which exist in a number of cities. Mostly large enterprises who have different type of products with their own departments and functions have this structure. Despite this structure being faster when it comes to making decisions, it can also lead to extra cost due to repeated functions for each product. Regional Structure: Figure 3: Regional Source: cnx.org,2014 Organisations who develop and duplicate department in various functional areas across the region use this structure as they want to focus on the local strategies of the area to keep up with the competition by studying their preferences and demands. Multi-divisional Structure: Figure 4: Multi-division Source: creately.com,2014 This structure is used for large companies which operate in wide geographical areas as the number of functions, employees and activities are very large. The benefit of this structure is that it is more specific and rapid but on the other hand due to the employees being in different divisions the communication is uneasy. Multi-function Structure: It mostly focuses on achieving the business goals as it diverse functional expertise to work together on it. Matrix Structure: Figure 5: Matrix Source: unc.edu,2014 This happens to be a combination of divisional and functional structure as it handles product line and functions together. Though it provides benefit of both structures to be in one enterprise it can create a conflict when it comes to increased costs and internal complexity. Organisational culture and different types of cultures Culture is compromised of the assumptions, values, norms and tangible signs of organisation members and their behaviour. Members of the organisation soon come to sense the particular culture of an organization. (Katrin O. ,2010) Organisational culture refers to the values, expectations and behaviour which hold the organisation together. It basically based on customs, beliefs and rules which develop over time. It also refers to an arrangement of the objectives and ideas made by the people in the organisation and is not only referred to the people employed in the company but also their products, services and the various process involved. There are four main types of cultures: Power Culture: This is used by most organisations where the power lies at the top level of management as they make the decisions. It is mostly suitable for organisations which have small number of employees. The relationship is adaptive and informal which leads to good personal relations. Role Culture: This is mostly found in large hierarchical enterprise where each employee has their own role to perform specifically. Here the employees work more close to their job description and are creative in their own way. The relationship is formal in nature. Task Culture: Here teams are made to complete tasks appointed. Every team ends up making their own cultures as they have their own authority to make decisions. In this type of culture teams are creative but on the other hand it can also be costly due to the market price being demanded for their service by the experts. Person Culture: This is more of an individualistic culture where everyone are allowed to express themselves and make decisions of their own. Compare and contrast two organizational chart of real companies The two organisations taken for this report are Nestle and McDonalds. I. Nestle Figure 6: Nestle Logo Source: consumerbrands.com, 2014 Nestle is a multinational company headquartered in Switzerland. Ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s main focus is to provide health oriented food for its customers for a healthier lifestyle following with different varieties of products including beverages. They have products which are specially for people who are very conscious about weight gain, cornflakes that contain iron and proteins for the development of young children. It believes in satisfying its customers at any point of the day and all around the world as their products can be found worldwide. They want to provide reliable quality food products which will contribute towards the nutritional factor of consumers till the brandà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s existence. (nestle.co.za, 2014) Organisational Chart of Nestle Figure 7: Nestle Organisational Chart Source: nestle.com,2014 It can clearly be seen from their organizational structure that Peter Brabeck-Letmathe is the main chairman of this multinational organizational. According to their website there are 14 members of the Board of Directors. Here the shareholder are the owners of the company followed by them having their own separately legal identity from the main owner. II. McDonalds Figure 7: McDonalds Source: logos.wikia.com,2014 Mcdonalds has been operating since the year 1948 which is more than 100 years ago, they have a well- established market through out the different countries in the world. McDonalds is the leading global foodservice retailer with more than 34,000 local restaurants serving nearly 69 million people in 119 countries each day. Organisational Chart of McDonalds Figure 8: Organisation Chart McDonalds Source: (Webcache.googleusercontent.com, 2014) Over 70% of McDonalds are run through franchise. It is form of organisation where a business who doesnà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢t want to sell directly come in contact with a franchisee to sell their product to consumers based on certain rules and regulations. McDonalds has a functional structure design. Big companies normally have this structure where the departments carry out most of the work. According to the chart above you can see how everything is structured along the lines. Their hierarchy starts from their Chief Executive Officer who is at the top followed by operating officer and so on. When it comes to comparing these two organisations they are both multinational companies with a reputed image among their customers. Both of their purpose of existence is to engage into getting maximum customers satisfaction as their Research and Development department is very efficient. On the contrary, Nestle happens to have a decentralized form of structure where the authority makes the decision through all levels of the organisation which means that their strategies and rules are flexible. Whereas McDonalds has a centralized structure where the top management makes the strategies and decisions that make the procedures and rules become rigid. Nestle has a structure in their hierarchy chart which is tall with a long chain of command. On the other hand, McDonalds has a flat structure with a controlling group at each level of their hierarchy. Followed b y Nestle having a decentralized structure, it makes their rules and regulation flexible where the management have the opportunity to make changes in decision according to the situation. But in McDonalds due to lack of flexibility in their organisation structure their effectiveness and efficiency lack behind in decision making. The major difference between these two companies is that Nestle has a regional structure which is based on the different geographical areas. Whereas McDonalds has a functional structure in which different functions are performed by different departments. Bibliography List Books Stimpson P.(2008). Business Studies. Cambridge University Press: UK Katrin O.(2010). Organisation Culture An Insight in Organisation. Grin Verlag: Germany[Online] Available at: https://books.google.ae/books?id=FzUllf8R7ekCpg=PA5dq=organisation+culturehl=ensa=Xei=bwIkVMLgLM_laI_lgfAHved=0CC8Q6AEwAg#v=onepageq=organisation culturef=false [Accessed on 25th Sep 2014] Websites https://smallbusiness.chron.com/different-types-organizational-structure-723.html https://smallbusiness.chron.com/models-organizational-structure-3821.html https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/business-theory/strategy/corporate-and-organisational-culture.html#axzz3EKTLQhK5 https://www.nestle.co.za/aboutus/missionvision https://www.nestle.com/aboutus/management nestle organizational chart https://www.nestle.com/asset-library/documents/library/documents/corporate_governance/corp_governance_report_2013_en.pdf https://www.ukessays.com/essays/business/mcdonalds-corporate-organizational-structure-business-essay.php https://www.mcdonalds.com/us/en/home.html https://businesscasestudies.co.uk/mcdonalds-restaurants/the-route-to-fast-food-franchising/introduction.html#axzz2Cvd9clpf https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:04Rm2jifw7wJ:sfs.scnu.edu.cn/tblogs/chenxy/attachments/month_1112/p2011121145421.ppt+cd=10hl=enct=clnkgl=ae organizational chart of mcdonalds 1 | Page

The Decline Of The Reformation Essay - 2126 Words

Before the Reformation, Roman Catholicism dominated religious life across Europe, being the most predominantly practised religion since the 4th century. The Church in the 16th century was a very powerful institution, holding both religious and political influence. Society at the time was rapidly changing and the Church establishment faced corruption. The societal and religious instability had many people demanding change and calling for reform inside the Catholic Church. The Reformation, started in Germany however spread rapidly all through Europe, communicated a substitute vision of Christianity, and prompted the creation of Protestantism, Anglicanism, other denominations and the Council of Trent. At the beginning of 16th Century, European society was experiencing great pressures for change in many aspects of life; social, economic, political, cultural and religious. The feudal society system meant that the poor were the majority and the rich were the minority, with all the power. 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Mobile Health and Vascular Health-Diabetes

Question: Discuss about the Essay for Mobile Health and Vascular Health-Diabetes? Answer: Introduction Background of the study Mobile health solutions are growing at a rapid rate and they have become an integral part of healthcare landscape. There are more than a hundred thousand mobile applications today and they effectively create value in different ways. While talking about cardiovascular diseases, it has seen that such diseases affects woman having diabetes mellitus. Among patients with diabetes, cardiovascular disease prevention is vital but underutilized. There are numerous research works were executed that demonstrated the fact that Mobile health strategies are emerging communication tools for improving self management and health behaviours. However, the feasibility of m-health for enhancing health behaviours in indigent population is a good topic to research on. Parashar conducted a study and found that among indigent African-American womenhaving diabetes, the use and development of mobile health application is feasible and results in increased patient satisfaction and positive reinforcement to healt hy behaviours (1). Use of technology in any filed is now become essential. However, whether the people are aware about mhealth still remain questionable. Under such circumstances, this study was prepared where the researcher tried to explore the awareness aspect related to the mobile health service in specific diabetics. Importance of mobile health Although mobile health devices are a special opportunity to capture the health data of patients remotely, it is not clear whether patients have the tendency to use multiple devices simultaneously and whether the use affects adherence. A study was conducted to research on this topic (2). It was concluded that use of mobile technologies have the possibility to transform care delivery within individuals over time. However, devices may need to be tailored to meet the specific patient needs. The fast proliferation of mobile devices gives many opportunities for health care professionals for exchanging health information electronically. A study was conducted for understanding the willingness to exchange different types of information related to health by mobile devices. A sample of 3,165 patients was taken for analyzing data (7). Ordinal logistic regression analysis was taken up. Respondents were not willing to exchange their mobile devices information that is complex or sensitive. Age, trust and socioeconomic factors are associated with engagement in mobile health information exchange. For tailoring and developing mobile technologies for clinician-patient communication, there is a need to consider demographic groups and information type (8). Mobile-cellular subscriptions have seen increase in the last few years. The accessibility to messages sent by SMS over mobile networks has universal accessibility and mobile phones that are not sophisticated do not have these facilities (9). There has been much research made on p for improving health services and changing behaviours of vulnerable population. A study was taken up for identifying the major factors that have the influence on effectiveness of evidence-based SMS messages designed to reduce health inequities. Focus group discussions were taken up for 45 participants and grounded theory was utilized in research to reveal that there lies six mediators of meaning of SMS messages (5). These are lack of clarity and/or practicality of content, negative or non-affirming framing of advocacies, disconnect with the reality of the social determinants of health and the diversity of cultures within a population,oppressive or authoritarian content, incongruity with cultural and traditio nal practices and fear- or stress-inducing content (5). The conclusion of the study was that the quality of text messages has an impact on the effectiveness of a mobile health intervention. There is an urgent need of interventions for incorporating and evaluating the quality of SMS and examining the mediators of meaning within each population group. There must an improvement made in transparency of the process as well as the quality of the outcomes. Vascular diseases It has seen that vascular disease is one of the major concerns in UK in modern times. A significant number of deaths occurred due to such specific aspects. Research has shown that such vascular disease has resulted due to stroke, diabetes or angina. While, analyzing the facts behind such issues, research has shown that instant medical help could reduce the severe affects of such vascular diseases. Over the period, a large number of research works has been executed to understand the importance of instant healthcare services while dealing with vascular health diseases. Many of the research works has indicated that use of mobile health can be a better option for such vascular diseases. Relationship between mobile health Vascular Health-Diabetes Mobile health or mHealth is the wide use of mobile services for supporting medical and public health. Despite the majority of the mHealth in families with low-middle income economies focuses on communicable disease, there is a great potential for improving vascular disease management. These are in relation to diet, smoking, and exercise. Other important benefits of mHealth in vascular disease are the monitoring of the patients, treatment reminders and allocating recourses. There is wide research exploring the feasibility and acceptability of the mHealth among the public (10). The government sectors of different countries are emphasizing on the primary healthcare services so that the people can get access to healthcare through mobile phones. The main aim of using mobile health services in relation to diabetes and vascular disease is to promote good health practices and provide rich information on the basic determinants of health and existing services in health care (11). The ultimate goal is to have better patient outcomes. The implications for healthcare delivery system through mHealth are supportive supervision, delivery system improvements, enabling working modalities and enhancement of knowledge (12). The interactive voice responses, text messaging and short message servicing can improve lifestyle behaviors that are related to diabetes and vascular diseases. The risk factors for diabetes and vascular diseases are best described in literature. Interactive voice response and short message service interventions can improve cardiovascular preventive care in developed countries by addressing risk factors including weight, smoking, and physical activity (13). Interactive voice response and short message service-based interventions for diabetes disease management have shown benefits with respect to blood glucose management, hospital readmissions, and diabetic glycemic control (14). Emerging evidence suggests that mHealth interventions improve cardiovascular-related lifestyle behaviours and disease manageme nt. mHealth programs developed worldwide are based on evidence-based behavioural theories and incorporate advances in artificial intelligence for bringing changes in the fulfilment of the ever-changing patients needs (15). Purpose of the Study This project aims to look at the role of health apps in vascular health promotion and diabetes promotion. It also has the aim of assessing the feasibility and acceptance of community pharmacists in the use of mobile health apps for professional development and health promotion in the community. Aims and Objectives To identify if smart-phone users are aware of available health apps; To identify the patients opinions on barriers and facilitators on using mHealth applications; To seek diabetic patients opinions on whether or not the current diabetes applications available meet their aspirations and the reasons for this; Methodology This section of the study has demonstrated the research method that the researcher has applied while executing this research work. It has seen that the purpose of the study was to understand the role of mobile health application as a tool for diabetics patients. Since, the study involves understanding use of mobile application in healthcare service promotion; awareness became one of the major aspects (21). Therefore, the researcher has utilized mixed research approach for this study. The research design is mixed research design that involves collecting, integrating and analyzing quantitative and qualitative data when there is a need to provide better understanding of the research topic. This research design was taken up for utilizing the advantage of both quantitative and qualitative data (16). Quantitative data are the close-ended information that consists of statistically analyzing scores collected on the available information. Qualitative data are open-ended information that is gathered by interviews, observations and focus groups. By having both qualitative and quantitative research data helps in gaining depth and breadth of understanding the research topic (17). Quantitative approach: The present research had mixed research approach with a quantitative research followed by a qualitative research. The quantitative data collection is carried out for: (1) Researching on the public perception of both Telehealth and mobile health by determining the level of public awareness, the perception of usefulness of mobile applications, which types of health applications people commonly used, existing concerns and barriers, and a possible correlation between disease status and the use of mobile apps (2) Finding the degree of utilisation of health apps by members of the public and pharmacists in order to identify if there is a potential for preventing vascular disease development via the use of health apps for health promotion (22). (3) Assessing the feasibility and acceptance of community pharmacists in the use of mobile health apps for professional development and health promotion in the community Qualitative approach: The qualitative data collection and analysis is undertaken for assessing the relation of diabetes and mhealth. The advantage of having mixed research methodology is that there is a possibility of traiangulation. This refers to the use of different means for examining the same phenomena. In context of the present research objective, triangulation will help in identifying the aspects of the phenomena of mhealth and vascular diseases and diabetes in a more accurate manner and by approaching it from different points by different techniques and methods (23). Proper triangulation needs careful analysis if the information given by each method and their strengths and weaknesses. With the help of a mixed research method, researcher can generate a grounded theory. A broad range of research questions can be answered by mixed research and this is the main aspect of the present research taken up (18). Stronger evidence can be received from the research for a conclusion by corroboration and conver gence of findings. The researcher is able to add understanding and insights that may be missed when only a single method is used. The generalizability of the results also increases with the utilization of mixed research (20). Qualitative and quantitative research when used together deliver more complete knowledge required for informing practice and theory (19). In mixed research method, design is used based on both perspectives and research problems become the research questions based on prior experience. Interpretation of the results is continual and can influence stages in the research process. Sample of the study: As the central aim of this study is to understand the awareness of mobile health facilities as well as how such mobile health service reduced the severe effects of vascular diseases, specifically, diabetics, the researcher has considered both general people as well as pharmacists as the target population. In specific, the researcher has selected 210 people as the sample of this study. All such samples were considered for the quantitative study purpose. At the same time 10 healthcare professional were selected for interview purpose. It has also noted that among these 210 people, 120 were general people and rests were pharmacists. Data collection and analysis technique In order to collect quantitative data, the researcher has used closed ended questionnaire. The questionnaire involved two sections. The first section supports the researcher to collect demographic data, when the second section of the study has dealt with data related to mobile health service for diabetic patients. On the other hand, to collect qualitative data, the researcher has conducted 10 face-to-face interview sessions, where the healthcare professionals gave their views about this mobile health application and its effectiveness in case of diabetics patients. Since, the study involves both qualitative as well as quantitative study; the researcher has performed the quantitative study at the first stage. To perform this quantitative study, the researcher has used Microsoft excel for shorting as well as analysing the data. Here, the descriptive statistics, mainly the frequency percentage was used. At the same time, the researcher has used column and pie charts to display the results. On the other hand, the qualitative study has been performed subsequent to quantitative study (24). Here, the researcher mainly utilized thematic approach to understand whether the current diabetes applications available meet their aspirations and the reasons for this. Ethics approval It has seen that the researcher has submitted all research article related documents such as research proposal, respondents consent form, questionnaire, etc at the university, prior to start working on the research article. Based on ethics approval, the researcher has performed the rest of the research work. Results and Analysis In this section, the researcher has presented the results of data collected using questionnaire as well as face to face interviews. The first section of this chapter explored the quantitative analysis and subsequent section dealt with qualitative study. Finally, a detailed discussion also been performed in this section. Quantitative study Part A: Common Question [1] Do you live locally? As mentioned in the above section, the researcher has gathered data from 210 samples. Among these sample, 88.10% people (n = 185) has mentioned that they are local people. However, 11.90% respondents have mentioned that they are from outsides. The table 3.1 and figure 3.1 has demonstrated this data. No of response Percentage Yes 185 88.10% No 25 11.90% Since a majority of the respondents are from local area, it can be said that the results has explored the effectiveness of mobile health service for diabetic patients in NHS area. [2] Do you own a smartphone? When the above section has dealt with location of the respondents, the table 3.2 and figure 3.2 has shown the proportion of people who have smart phone. Though smart phone has become one of the essential part of daily life, the research has shown that almost 10% (n = 20) of the selected samples do not have smart phones. So, it can be said that almost 91% (n = 190) of the selected sample have used smart phone and therefore they may have heard about healthcare applications. No of response percentage Yes 190 90.48% No 20 9.52% [3] Would you consider getting one if you knew there are applications for health management? Here, the respondents were asked whether they would use the software if they previously knew that there exists any software for heath management. According to the below mentioned table, it can be said that almost 88.10% said yes whereas 20.83% said no. Part B: Questionnaire for public [1] Are you aware of the availability of health apps (applications) for smartphones? Now, the respondents were asked whether they are aware about the availability of healthcare application on smart phone. When 66.67% (n = 80) respondents has mentioned yes, a significant proportion (n = 40) has denied. This mean, a large group of people have no idea about availability of healthcare applications on smart phone though have smart phones. This directly indicates that the awareness about the mobile health service is still not up to the mark. Since on the objectives of the study was to assess the awareness about mobile health applications among smart phone users, there is requiring initiatives to enhance the awareness among general people. No of response percentage Yes 80 66.67% No 40 33.33% [2] Do you have any of the following medical conditions? (Tick as many as appropriate) No of response Percentage Diabetes 45 37.50% High blood pressure 15 12.50% High cholesterol 30 25.00% None of the above 30 25.00% The above table has shown that out of 120 people, 45 people have raised that they have diabetes. Similarly, 30 people have mentioned that they have high cholesterol as well as 30 people mentioned that they have no such issue. [3]Would you be interested in an app that would allow you to input information on a regular basis in order to help you monitor your medical condition? [For example entering your glucose levels or blood pressure measurements] Though a large number of samples have smart phone, while asking them whether they prefer to get a smart phone if they know that there are applications of health management, 70.83% (n = 85) have responded positively. This indicates that there is a significant chances of success related to use of mobile application for better healthcare service delivery. No of response Percentage Yes 85 70.83% No 35 29.17% [4] Would you be interested in an app that would send the information entered to a doctor or nurse who would then contact you if required? [For example, if blood pressure readings are very high or low the pharmacist, doctor or nurse would contact you and advise you on what to do] In response to this question, it has seen that 62.50% population has mentioned that they are interested, when 45 disagreed with this. No of response Percentage Yes 75 62.50% No 45 37.50% [5] Which healthcare professional would you prefer to be the one monitoring the information sent? In response to the question, half of the respondents have mentioned that they prefer doctor to monitor their health related information. Following which, they prefer nurse and then local pharmacist. No of response Percentage Nurse 45 37.5% Local Pharmacist 25 20.8333% Doctor 50 41.6667% [6] Are you taking any medication on a regular basis? The maximum number of respondents has mentioned that they have taken medication on regular basis. It means they are aware that medication will help to enhance the health life. No of response Percentage Yes 85 70.83% No 35 29.17% [7] If yes, would you be interested in an app that helps to remind you to take your medication? Though a large number of samples have smart phone, while asking them whether they prefer to get a reminder from the app, 87.50% (n = 105) have responded positively. This indicates that there is a significant chances of success related to use of mobile application for better healthcare service delivery. No of response Percentage Yes 105 87.50% No 15 12.50% [8] What types of apps do you download? In response to the question it has seen that on an average people download apps related to games and books. No of response Percentage Games 25 21% Education 25 21% Books 30 25% News 15 13% Social media 10 8% Health 5 4% Business 10 8% [9] What was the last time you downloaded the app? From the response to this question, it has become clear that the respondents are well aware about the usefulness of mobile application as they have downloaded any app on frequent basis. No of response Percentage Last week 30 25% Last month 30 25% Within 6 months 20 17% Within a year 15 13% More than a year ago 25 21% Part C: Questionnaire for pharmacist [1] Are you aware of the CPPE (Centre for Pharmacy Postgraduate Education) guide to health apps for pharmacists? Though a large number of samples have smart phone, while asking the pharmacist whether they are aware about CPPE, 83.33% (n = 75) have responded positively. This indicates that there is a significant chances of success of introduction of health apps. No of response Percentage Yes 75 83.33% No 15 16.67% [2] Which healthcare professional does the public prefer to be the one monitoring the information sent? In response to the question, half of the respondents have mentioned that they prefer doctor to monitor their health related information. Following which, they prefer nurse and then local pharmacist. No of response Percentage Nurse 30 33% Local Pharmacist 40 44% Doctor 20 22% [3] Do you read the CPEE guide? Now, the respondents were asked whether they are following CPEE guidelines or not. When 94.44% (n = 85) respondents has mentioned yes, a small proportion (n = 5) has denied. This mean, a large group of people have clear idea about the usefulness of CPEE guidelines. No of response Percentage Yes 85 94.44% No 5 5.56% [4] How do you rate the usefulness of the guide for your practice? Finally, the pharmacist were asked whether the CPEE guidelines are useful for health care professionals or not, around 44% respondents have mentioned that it is very useful. At the same time, the maximum people agreed with the fact that this is useful. No of response Percentage Very useful 40 44% Useful 30 33% Somehow useful 10 11% Not Useful 10 11% [5] What health services does your pharmacy provide? Finally, they were asked what kind of service they can deliver using this app. In response to this question, it has seen that there are average response for each of the below mentioned aspects. No of response Percentage Blood pressure measurement 25 28% Blood glucose measurement 15 17% Smoking cessation 10 11% BMI calculation 20 22% NHS health checkups 15 17% Cholesterol measurement 5 6% Qualitative Study This section of study has dealt with data gathered from face to face interview with health care professionals. The 10 health care professionals were interviewed based on four different aspects related to objective two and three. While considering the first theme, There is a lack of awareness of diabetes mobile health applications, it has seen that a mixed review was there. According to them, if 100 people were considered then almost 60 percent people were unaware about such mobile health applications. The quantitative study has also demonstrated equivalent results. So, the next concern was to understand what the reasons behind it are. According to them, it has seen that lack of use, time, inconvenience, limitation of functionalities mainly creates such issues. Therefore, from this point of view, it can be argued that in order to enhance the awareness of mobile health among general people, first of all, the usability, functionalities needs to be reviewed. The second them of this study was, Time is the main barrier to using diabetes mobile application. In response to this aspect, almost 80 percent people thinks time barrier was there which prevent the applicability of diabetics mobile applications. Many times, the complexity in terms of time management, priority setting, etc aspects of diabetics mobile applications takes time. Therefore, general people easily get de-motivated after using some time. According to them, the application needs to be designed in a simpler way. The third theme is all about alternative design of diabetics mobile applications. As mentioned in the above paragraph, people normally asked for simple app rather much more complex one. According to them, diabetics patient needs to follow proper time management strategy. So, one of the use of such application would be the remainders. Research has seen that diabetics patient needs to consume insulin at specific time. So, setting remainder for the night time insulin may be one of the options. Again, they have also said that blood glucose monitoring is another important aspect of diabetic patients. Therefore, it can also be said that remainder for monitoring blood glucose level on a frequent interval may be another alternative. Finally, the fourth theme has demonstrated that use of social networking through diabetic mobile applications might augment the chances of controlling such important vascular diseases. According to them, if the patients can get access through their diabetic mobile applications, it would help them to help each other. It has seen that one diabetic patient can understand better about another diabetic patients conditions than normal people. Therefore, they can easily provide advice through using these apps. In context of the data analysis, there is a necessity to highlight the key quotations that form the basis of the qualitative study. One patient was found to be stating that I would say that is what I feel. I can go and see anybody I like and they can tell me, but at the end of the day I need to inject, I need to watch what I eat its up to me so, its me. The elicited themes was that People can offer advice, but I have to make the decisions. On asked about who they rely specifically on and why, the participant said that Me, myself. I-I try to, I read-I read and if theres anything interesting I look into it and I do ask Drs and you know what I mean. Yeah. The participants was also found quoting that ) I dont well personally I dont feel its right to erm, rely on anybody else because something which erm, obviously its not something which people can easily empathise with.... The main point reflected from the analysis si that patients rely on themselves most to manage their condition. This implies that patients can be better managed by mHealth services that are the proper means of handling diabetes. The study revealed some points that were most important towards the use of mHealth in diabetes. The first point was that diabetes has a substantial impact on the patient care. Participants were from varying ages and thus the study recognised the effect of diabetes on their lives. Diabetes seemed to have an effect on occupation as well in education, social interactions and even psychological wellbeing. The literature search highlighted key long-term benefits of diabetes-structured education and its role in reducing the cost of diabetes care in the long term. It also pointed out that education leads to improved self-care as well as the fact that such educational courses aid with managing diabetes. The second point identified was that acceptability of mHealth by the common public is a matter of concern even though there are immense potential for mHealth to play a role in disease management. The mobile health market is already into progress and is gaining popularity due to the number of mobile applications available. Despite such progress, this study identified that awareness of such applications is limited. The third aspect is the role of pharmacist in diabetes care. Even though the pharmacists are recognized as significant role players in diabetes care, only few of them may be playing direct role in diabetes care by advising on medicines and dispensing. Therefore, it can be said that education is essential for diabetic patients. The above analysis has indicated one thing that the use of mobile application for diabetic patients is crucial. What is required is to amend the applicability, functionalities so that it can provide desire results. However, the healthcare professionals have raised concern about the longibility of such diabetic mobile applications. Many times due to misuse, the legibility of such applications get reduced. So, from that point of view, it can be said that design of manual is another important aspects here. Overall, proper education support is required while using such diabetic mobile applications. Therefore, incorporation of user manuals is essential aspect here. Discussion and Conclusion The main objective of the dissertation has been the acceptability of mHealth among the public and the pharmacists, who play a vital role in the health care delivery system. The results of the study conclude that there is a widespread use of mobile applications for health related purpose. Pharmacist use mHealth as a proper tool for health application that is used for cost effective and efficient health promotion in the community. Many pharmacists take up the use of mobile applications as the best means for creating public awareness. They rely on the fact that credible health information can be obtained from the applications that are used for health promotion and continuous health monitoring. The study also reveals that there does not lies much difference in the use of smart phones and applications between pharmacists who practice in the high class societies and those who practice in middle-class societies. Awareness creation and education are the two most important factors of increase of use of health applications for vascular diseases and diabetes. The study also revealed that there is no statistically significant difference in the possession of smartphones and download of apps between pharmacists practicing in middle-class-to-affluent areas and those in middle-class-to-deprived areas. Education and awareness creation activities to increase health apps use for health promotion and CPD are needed in all areas to improve acceptance. Many of the pharmacists may not be knowing about the availability of the diabetes tracker on the mobile phones. However, most of the pharmacists have the readiness to use the applications available for health related purposes, including diabet es and vascular diseases and the pharmacists recommend to the patients to use such mobile phone applications. This is the major step towards assisting diabetic and vascular disease patients for leading a healthy life and preventing the growth of the diseases. Such mobile applications help people at risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease to take part in healthy lifestyle and habits and prevent onset of the diseases. There has been an immense rise in the use of mobile phone applications for health by the common people. There has been an increased rise in the adherence of mhealth application by the population at large due to the advantages they give and the better patient outcomes received. The population has the understanding that intervention by mHealth is effective in having diabetes and vascular disease outcomes. There is an optimized use of mobile applications for the advantages of recording of patient data, visual aids, reminders, and remote collaboration with the healthcare professionals. The conclusion is that there lies clear advantage of using mHealth by pharmacists and common population who have left the traditional means of healthcare and opted for the modern and more useful healthcare services. Moreover, the incorporation of perceptions of common population is paramount for the application of mHealth to the highest level. Patients and healthcare professionals are an integral part of such progress. References Ryu S. 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